{"title":"História Religiosa","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"moving-crucifixes-in-modern-spain","title":"Moving Crucifixes in Modern Spain","description":"\u003cp\u003eWhy are religious visions believed only in certain times and places? In this book William Christian investi gates the settings and responses to a series of group visions reported by Spaniards in rural Galicia, Valencia, Cantabria, and Navarre in the early part of this century the most notable one involving the crucifix at Limpias, where Jesus was first seen agonizing on the cross during a mission service in March of 1919. In light of the social strife and strong anticlerical movements of the period, the author examines how gender and religious politics influenced the experiences of seers and the interpretation of their visions by church officials, journalists, and the public. Christian approaches the story inductively, from the visionaries and the parish to the religious orders, diocesan officials, and Vatican envoys. He places the events in the context of mission dramaturgy and pilgrimages to Lourdes, and shows their ramifications in Italy, Mexico, the United States, France, and Central Europe. Using oral testimony, church archives, local newspaper accounts, and apologetic literature, Christian finds that some observers related the moving crucifixes to a logical, millenarian sequence that included earlier apparitions in France; for others they were divine reactions to national political events; while for many local people they were signs for the establishment of new shrines. His study reveals the preoccupations of ordinary people and how they found expression in religious images.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOriginally published in 1992.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe \u003cb\u003ePrinceton Legacy Library\u003c\/b\u003e uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the th\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Princeton University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52641209385327,"sku":"9780691600178","price":280.05,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0691600171.jpg?v=1770409412"},{"product_id":"establishing-religious-freedom","title":"Establishing Religious Freedom","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe significance of the Virginia Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom goes far beyond the borders of the Old Dominion. Its influence ultimately extended to the Supreme Court's interpretation of the separation of church and state. In his latest book, Thomas Buckley tells the story of the statute, beginning with its background in the struggles of the colonial dissenters against an oppressive Church of England. When the Revolution forced the issue of religious liberty, Thomas Jefferson drafted his statute and James Madison guided its passage through the state legislature. Displacing an established church by instituting religious freedom, the Virginia statute provided the most substantial guarantees of religious liberty of any state in the new nation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe statute's implementation, however, proved to be problematic. Faced with a mandate for strict separation of church and state--and in an atmosphere of sweeping evangelical Christianity--Virginians clashed over numerous issues, including the legal ownership of church property, the incorporation of churches and religious groups, Sabbath observance, protection for religious groups, Bible reading in school, and divorce laws. Such debates pitted churches against one another and engaged Virginia's legal system for a century and a half.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFascinating history in itself, the effort to implement Jefferson's statute has even broader significance in its anticipation of the conflict that would occupy the whole country after the Supreme Court nationalized the religion clause of the First Amendment in the 1940s.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"University of Virginia","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52641351106927,"sku":"9780813943589","price":290.63,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0813943582.jpg?v=1770414268"},{"product_id":"gods-sacred-tongue","title":"God's Sacred Tongue","description":"In a comprehensive examination of how Christian scholars in the United States received, interpreted, and understood Hebrew texts and the Jewish experience, Shalom Goldman explores Hebraism's relationship to American society. By linking history, theology, and literature from the colonial period through the twentieth century, Goldman illuminates the religious and cultural roots of American interest in the Middle East. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGod's Sacred Tongue\u003c\/i\u003e is structured around a sequence of biographical and intellectual portraits of individuals including Jonathan Edwards, Isaac Nordheimer, Professor George Bush (an ancestor of President George W. Bush), and twentieth-century literary critic Edmund Wilson. Since the colonial period, America has been perceived as a western Promised Land with emotional, spiritual, and physical links to the Promised Land of biblical history. Goldman gives evidence from scholarship, diplomacy, journalism, the history of higher education, and the arts to show that this perception is linked to the role Hebrew and the Bible have played in American cultural history.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book's final section takes up the story of American Christian Zionism, among whose Protestant adherents political Zionism found much of its strongest support. Religious and cultural figures such as William Rainey Harper and Reinhold Niebuhr are among those who exemplify the centuries-old ties between America, the Land of Promise, and Israel, the Promised Land.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"Longleaf Services on behalf of Univ of N. Carolina","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52641351401839,"sku":"9781469614687","price":327.35,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/1469614685.jpg?v=1770414317"},{"product_id":"poor-and-the-perfect","title":"Poor and the Perfect","description":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the enduring ironies of medieval history is the fact that a group of Italian lay penitents, begging in sackcloths, led by a man who called himself simple and ignorant, turned in a short time into a very popular and respectable order, featuring cardinals and university professors among its ranks. Within a century of its foundation, the Order of Friars Minor could claim hundreds of permanent houses, schools, and libraries across Europe; indeed, alongside the Dominicans, they attracted the best minds and produced many outstanding scholars who were at the forefront of Western philosophical and religious thought.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cem\u003eThe Poor and the Perfect\u003c\/em\u003e, Neslihan Senocak provides a grand narrative of this fascinating story in which the quintessential Franciscan virtue of simplicity gradually lost its place to learning, while studying came to be considered an integral part of evangelical perfection. Not surprisingly, turmoil accompanied this rise of learning in Francis's order. Senocak shows how a constant emphasis on humility was unable to prevent the creation within the Order of a culture that increasingly saw education as a means to acquire prestige and domination. The damage to the diversity and equality among the early Franciscan community proved to be irreparable. But the consequences of this transformation went far beyond the Order: it contributed to a paradigm shift in the relationship between the clergy and the schools and eventually led to the association of learning with sanctity in the medieval world. As Senocak demonstrates, this episode of Franciscan history is a microhistory of the rise of learning in the West.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Longleaf Services on behalf of Cornell University","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52649270182255,"sku":"9781501735875","price":249.23,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/150173587X.jpg?v=1770646623"},{"product_id":"the-orthodox-church-in-ukraine","title":"The Orthodox Church in Ukraine","description":"\u003cdiv\u003eThe bitter separation of Ukraine's Orthodox churches is a microcosm of its societal strife. From 1917 onward, church leaders failed to agree on the church's mission in the twentieth century. The core issues of dispute were establishing independence from the Russian church and adopting Ukrainian as the language of worship. Decades of polemical exchanges and public statements by leaders of the separated churches contributed to the formation of their distinct identities and sharpened the friction amongst their respective supporters.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\nIn \u003ci\u003eThe Orthodox Church in Ukraine\u003c\/i\u003e, Nicholas Denysenko provides a balanced and comprehensive analysis of this history from the early twentieth century to the present. Based on extensive archival research, Denysenko's study examines the dynamics of church and state that complicate attempts to restore an authentic Ukrainian religious identity in the contemporary Orthodox churches. An enhanced understanding of these separate identities and how they were forged could prove to be an important tool for resolving contemporary religious differences and revising ecclesial policies. This important study will be of interest to historians of the church, specialists of former Soviet countries, and general readers interested in the history of the Orthodox Church.\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Longleaf Services on behalf of Cornell University","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52653472121199,"sku":"9780875807898","price":319.46,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0875807895.jpg?v=1770728955"},{"product_id":"patriotism-and-piety","title":"Patriotism and Piety","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cem\u003ePatriotism and Piety, \u003c\/em\u003e Jonathan Den Hartog argues that the question of how religion would function in American society was decided in the decades after the Constitution and First Amendment established a legal framework. Den Hartog shows that among the wide array of politicians and public figures struggling to define religion's place in the new nation, Federalists stood out--evolving religious attitudes were central to Federalism, and the encounter with Federalism strongly shaped American Christianity.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDen Hartog describes the Federalist appropriations of religion as passing through three stages: a \"republican\" phase of easy cooperation inherited from the experience of the American Revolution; a \"combative\" phase, forged during the political battles of the 1790s-1800s, when the destiny of the republic was hotly contested; and a \"voluntarist\" phase that grew in importance after 1800. Faith became more individualistic and issue-oriented as a result of the actions of religious Federalists.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligious impulses fueled party activism and informed governance, but the redirection of religious energies into voluntary societies sapped party momentum, and religious differences led to intraparty splits. These developments altered not only the Federalist Party but also the practice and perception of religion in America, as Federalist insights helped to create voluntary, national organizations in which Americans could practice their faith in interdenominational settings.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePatriotism and Piety\u003c\/em\u003efocuses on the experiences and challenges confronted by a number of Federalists, from well-known leaders such as John Adams, John Jay, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Timothy Dwight to lesser-known but still important figures such as Caleb Strong, Elias Boudinot, and William Jay.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"University of Virginia","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52653502071151,"sku":"9780813942636","price":257.2,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0813942632.jpg?v=1770731610"},{"product_id":"maudlin-impression","title":"Maudlin Impression","description":"\u003cp\u003ePatricia Badir's \u003ci\u003eThe Maudlin Impression\u003c\/i\u003e investigates the figure of Mary Magdalene in post-medieval English religious writings and visual representations. Badir argues that the medieval Magdalene story was not discarded as part of Reformation iconoclasm, but was enthusiastically embraced by English writers and artists and retold in a wide array of genres. This rich study bridges the historical division between medieval and early modern culture by showing the ways in which Protestant writers, as well as Catholics, used the medieval stories, art, and symbolism related to the biblical Magdalene as resources for thinking about the role of the affective and erotic in Christian devotion. Their literary and artistic glosses protected a range of religious devotional practices and lent embodied, tangible form to the God of the Reformation. They employed the Magdalene figure to articulate religious experience by means of a poetics that could avoid controversial questions of religious art while exploring the potency and appeal of the beautiful. \u003ci\u003eThe Maudlin Impression\u003c\/i\u003e is a literary history of imitation and invention. It participates in the \"religious turn\" in early modern studies by demonstrating the resilience of a single topos across time and across changing Christian beliefs.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"In this historically rich and theoretically informed study, Patricia Badir argues that the medieval figure of Mary Magdalene serves as a 'site of memory' for early modern writers, enabling them both to reflect on what has been lost in the aftermath of the Reformation and to fashion their own Protestant and Counter-Reformation models of piety, repentance, mourning, and holiness. Drawing from poems, plays, sermons, homilies, biographies, and paintings, Badir convincingly demonstrates the remarkable resiliency and flexibility of the Magdalene trope in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Her fascinating narrative traces the evolution of the Magdalene from the Reformation to the\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Longleaf Services Univ of Notre Dame du Lac","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52653810483567,"sku":"9780268022150","price":328.62,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0268022151.jpg?v=1770743521"},{"product_id":"seeking-freedom-and-justice-for-hungary","title":"Seeking Freedom and Justice for Hungary","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis book is the story of the Catholic worker movement developed in Hungary after World War I with revival of the institution founded by Adolph Kolping. The story is told through the life of its national leader, John Madl-Mik\u0026amp;eacute;. Book includes a 16-page photospread of historical illustrations.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Globe Pequot Publishing Group Inc\/Bloomsbury","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52657315086703,"sku":"9780761865643","price":456.8,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0761865640.jpg?v=1770812908"},{"product_id":"the-renaissance-bible","title":"The Renaissance Bible","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe Renaissance Bible\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Longleaf Services on behalf of Baylor University P","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52657374724463,"sku":"9781602583092","price":344.87,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/1602583099.jpg?v=1770813192"},{"product_id":"trail-of-martyrdom","title":"Trail Of Martyrdom","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis work examines the stages by which religious dissidents were persecuted by Tudor monarchs across the 16th century, and the means by which these dissidents counteracted authorities. During each stage of persecution, many dissidents were able to elude capture, counter-interrogate their inquisitors, use time in prison to write letters and prepare for death, and exploit their own executions to forge a final drama of suffering and redemption before a large, public audience. Enforcement was always dependent upon cooperation from the public and local officials, which made successful persecution uncertain at best. This text explores the details of this system of enforcement, and the means by which it was subverted. It also discusses larger questions concerning obedience and disobedience, tolerance and intolerance, and the dynamics of martyrdom.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Longleaf Services Univ of Notre Dame du Lac","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52657437704559,"sku":"9780268042264","price":207.01,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0268042268.jpg?v=1770813816"},{"product_id":"visions-of-restoration","title":"Visions of Restoration","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cem\u003eVisions Of Restoration\u003c\/em\u003e, historian John Young provides a highly readable, easily accessible overview of the history of Churches of Christ stretching from the early nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. The target audience is primarily members of Churches of Christ who are new to the study of their fellowship’s history and, at a length of thirteen short chapters, it is designed to be used in Sunday School-type settings. Discussion questions are included with each chapter to generate conversation and reflection on each topic. Young also furnishes a bibliographic essay that offers suggestions for further reading and research.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Heritage Christian University","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52657634640239,"sku":"9781732048348","price":93.57,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/1732048347.jpg?v=1770817245"},{"product_id":"bones-in-the-well","title":"Bones in the Well","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe massacre at Haun's Mill is a defining moment in the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormon Church. The Mormons were at war in 1838. They had come to Missouri at the urging of their prophet, Joseph Smith, but after a short time found themselves at odds with the original settlers. Armed militia, both Mormon and gentile, roamed the country. On October 7, 1838, Governor Lillburn Boggs issued his infamous order: \"The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGathered in this new work are eyewitness testimonies of the massacre and its aftermath by those who were on the scene. The accounts of Joseph Young, Amanda Smith, Willard Gilbert Smith, Austin Hammer, Artemisia Sidnie Meyers, Nathan Kinsman Knight, Thomas McBride, Isaac Laney, Olive Ames, and others are heart-rending and vivid.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn October 30, 1838, a group of Missouri militia attacked the small Mormon settlement at Haun's Mill on Shoal Creek, killing seventeen men and boys and wounding eleven men, one woman, and one child. The conflict between the Missourians and the Mormons was in many ways inevitable. The Mormons had their own business and economic system. Clannish people, they voted in a bloc, thus tipping elections in their favor. They had a \"different\" religion and considered their faith superior to all others. Unlike most of their neighbors, they were friendly to the Indians and were thought to be abolitionists. The Missourians saw them as interlopers to be driven out.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSet in context by the author, these documentary accounts dramatically portray the suffering of the Saints during and after the episode. An important event in Latter-day Saints history that helped mold Mormon attitudes and posturing toward the outside world in following decades, the Haun's Mill Massacre still resonates today in the hearts and minds of Mormons as a manifestation of religious persecution.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeth Shumway Moore graduated from the University of Utah with\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"University of Oklahoma Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52665654837615,"sku":"9780806142708","price":185.12,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0806142707.jpg?v=1770906829"},{"product_id":"the-reformation-of-american-quakerism-1748-1783","title":"The Reformation of American Quakerism, 1748-1783","description":"\"The most important book on eighteenth-century American Quakerism.\"--Gary B. Nash, University of California, Los Angeles\n\n\u003ci\u003eThe Reformation of American Quakerism, 1748-1783\u003c\/i\u003e offers a detailed history of the withdrawal of the Society of Friends from mainstream America in the years between 1748 and the end of the American Revolution. Jack D. Marietta examines the causes, course, and consequences, both social and political, of the Quakers' retreat from prominent positions in civil government while at the same time developing a more distinctive and \"purified\" religious community. These changes amounted to a watershed in the greater history of the Society of Friends, a turning away from its engagement with the world on behalf of a Whig political philosophy and toward a role as critic and gadfly on the periphery of political society.\n\nLess conspicuously but perhaps more dramatically, the internal transformation of the Society through the strengthening of the members' commitment to a host of Quaker sectarian values--among them exogamy, \"guarded\" childrearing, sexual continence, honesty, simplicity, humility, and asceticism--was enforced by the reformers' stern determination that members would either conform to these mores or face expulsion from the Society. These changes resulted in the revitalization of the society and made possible the Quakers' campaign against slavery, thus distinguishing them as the first group of people in history to espouse abolition.\n\nMarietta draws on a wealth of data: over 10,000 disciplinary cases in the Society's records dating from 1682. The author's description and evaluation of the role, status, and treatment of women in the Society is sympathetic, and what emerges from his interpretation is a sensitive portrayal not only of withdrawal but of the substitution of a vision different from the one that inspired the Holy Experiment.\n\n\u003cb\u003eJack D. Marietta\u003c\/b\u003e is Associate Professor of History at The University of Arizona. 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Arriving in the United States as a boy, growing up in New York City, becoming thoroughly Americanized, he struggled to find ways of making Judaism compatible with the American experience and the modern temper.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\nJudaism Faces the Twentieth Century returns to the freshness of Kaplan's earliest formulations and concludes with the publication of Judaism as a Civilization in 1934. Based on a mass of unpublished letters, sermons, and a twenty-seven volume journal, this richly textured biography reappraises Kaplan's significance and offers an original and intimate look at the man, his mind, and his work.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wayne State University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52668236202351,"sku":"9780814322802","price":224.91,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0814322808.jpg?v=1770930894"},{"product_id":"discerning-spirits","title":"Discerning Spirits","description":"\u003cp\u003eDiscerning Spirits\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Longleaf Services on behalf of Cornell University","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52668255699311,"sku":"9780801473340","price":209.09,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0801473349.jpg?v=1770932197"},{"product_id":"women-remaking-american-judaism","title":"Women Remaking American Judaism","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe rise of Jewish feminism, a branch of both second-wave feminism and the American counterculture, in the late 1960s had an extraordinary impact on the leadership, practice, and beliefs of American Jews. Women Remaking American Judaism is the first book to fully examine the changes in American Judaism as women fought to practice their religion fully and to ensure that its rituals, texts, and liturgies reflected their lives. In addition to identifying the changes that took place, this volume aims to understand the process of change in ritual, theology, and clergy across the denominations.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\nThe essays in Women Remaking American Judaism offer a paradoxical understanding of Jewish feminism as both radical, in the transformational sense, and accomodationist, in the sense that it was thoroughly compatible with liberal Judaism. Essays in the first section, Reenvisioning Judaism, investigate the feminist challenges to traditional understanding of Jewish law, texts, and theology. In Redefining Judaism, the second section, contributors recognize that the changes in American Judaism were ultimately put into place by each denomination, their law committees, seminaries, rabbinic courts, rabbis, and synagogues, and examine the distinct evolution of women’s issues in the Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist movements. Finally, in the third section, Re-Framing Judaism, essays address feminist innovations that, in some cases, took place outside of the synagogue. An introduction by Riv-Ellen Prell situates the essays in both American and modern Jewish history and offers an analysis of why Jewish feminism was revolutionary.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\nWomen Remaking American Judaism raises provocative questions about the changes to Judaism following the feminist movement, at every turn asking what change means in Judaism and other American religions and how the fight for equality between men and women parallels and differs from other changes in Judaism. Women R\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wayne State University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52668301246831,"sku":"9780814332801","price":245.48,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0814332803.jpg?v=1770934617"},{"product_id":"communings-of-the-spirit","title":"Communings of the Spirit","description":"\u003cp\u003eMordecai M. 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Undeterred by attacks on his radical beliefs, he never wavered in the pursuit of a more dynamic Judaism.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wayne State University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52668304851311,"sku":"9780814331163","price":273.42,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0814331165.jpg?v=1770934875"},{"product_id":"the-forerunners","title":"The Forerunners","description":"\u003cp\u003eBetween 1800 and 1880 approximately 6500 Dutch Jews immigrated to the United States to join the hundreds who had come during the colonial era.  Although they numbered less than one-tenth of all Dutch immigrants and were a mere fraction of all Jews in America, the Dutch Jews helped build American Jewry and did so with a nationalistic flair.  Like the other Dutch immigrant group, the Jews demonstrated the salience of national identity and the strong forces of ethnic, religious, and cultural institutions.  They immigrated in family migration chains, brought special job skills and religious traditions, and founded at least three ethnic synagogues led by Dutch rabbis.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eThe Forerunners\u003c\/em\u003e offers the first detailed history of the immigration of Dutch Jews to the United States and to the whole American diaspora. Robert Swierenga describes the life of Jews in Holland during the Napoleonic era and examines the factors that caused them to emigrate, first to the major eastern seaboard cities of the United States, then to the frontier cities of the Midwest, and finally to San Francisco.  He provides a detailed look at life among the Dutch Jews in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New Orleans. This is a significant volume for readers interested in Jewish history, religious history, and comparative studies of religious declension.  Immigrant and social historians likewise will be interested in this look at a religious minority group that was forced to change in the American environment.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wayne State University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52691117506927,"sku":"9780814344170","price":201.18,"currency_code":"BRL","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0921\/9384\/9711\/files\/0814344178.jpg?v=1771527537"},{"product_id":"monastic-reform-as-process","title":"Monastic Reform as Process","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe history of monastic institutions in the Middle Ages may at first appear remarkably uniform and predictable. 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